Programming Metabolic Dependency in Synthetic Cells Under Resource Scarcity

Engineering synthetic cells where metabolism directly controls gene expression is one of the greatest challenges in synthetic biology. This coupling between metabolic activity and protein synthesis is also thought to have been a vital step in the evolution of the earliest cellular life. This fundamental process is essential for developing minimal, self-sustaining cells, both engineered for biotechnology applications and as models explaining the origins of life. Here, we present a programmable cell-free platform that links metabolic activity to translation under defined resource limitations. Using an engineered amino-acid-dependent cell-free translation system, we introduced a tunable metabol