Effects of Tempo, Dynamics, and String on Physical Exposure in Professional Violinists

This study examined how tempo, dynamics, and string influence upper-extremity physical exposure in professional violinists and how exposure variability is distributed among musical characteristics, between-subject differences, and residual variability. Twelve violinists performed seven standardized scales while bilateral upper-arm and wrist kinematics and shoulder and forearm muscle activity were recorded. Linear mixed-effects models showed that faster tempo increased right upper-arm velocity and bilateral forearm activity while reducing right upper-arm and wrist ranges of motion. Louder dynamics increased bilateral forearm and right trapezius activity and right-wrist ranges of motion. Highe