Patient-reported symptom profiles in vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia: A cross-sectional study using latent class analysis

Pernicious anemia is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by impaired of vitamin B12 absorption and deficiency. Current diagnostic approaches rely on laboratory biomarkers with limitations in sensitivity and specificity, leading to diagnostic uncertainty and potentially delayed and/or suboptimal treatment. The 2024 NICE guidelines acknowledge that treatment frequency should be guided by individual symptom response rather than current one-size-fits-all schedules; however, the symptom heterogeneity underpinning this recommendation remains poorly characterized. We conducted secondary analysis of symptom survey data from 1,117 members of the Pernicious Anaemia Society (PAS) collected betwe