Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation risks: Single-centre hybrid study of 1,149 cases re-emphasises hypoxaemia without pulmonary hypertension, and paradoxical embolic/infective stroke aetiologies

ABSTRACT/SUMMARYPulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) larger than 4mm in size are estimated to affect 38 per 100,000 individuals [95% confidence intervals 18-76]. They provide an anatomical right-to-left shunt such that each heartbeat, a proportion of the cardiac output bypasses the pulmonary capillary bed, preventing essential processing functions such as gas exchange and filtration of blood-borne emboli. Although large cohort series were published in earlier decades, more recent data series have been scant. To support modern educational platforms, here we report features of 1149 consecutive patients with imaging-proven PAVMs, reviewed at a single UK centre between 1984-2026, includ