Light stimulation system for measuring pupillary light responses based on Maxwellian view optical system using a retina presentation type viewfinder

BackgroundMelanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) contribute predominantly to non-image-forming effects of light, such as light-induced circadian phase shift, melatonin suppression, and pupillary light reflex. Post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) has been well-used for the evaluation of ipRGC sensitivity for humans since it is able to detect ipRGC function independently from conventional cones. However, pharmacological mydriasis or a specialized light stimulation system, such as the Maxwellian view (MV) optical system, is required to avoid dynamic pupil constriction in the stimulated eye for effective PIPR measurements, which makes these approache