Characterization of Rosa damascena Callus-derived Exo-some-like Vesicles and Their Multifunctional Activities in Skin-related Cellular Models

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are emerging as promising bioactive materials for biomedical and dermatological applications. In this study, we isolated and characterized exosome-like vesicles derived from Rosa damascena callus culture medium (RSC-EXO) and evaluated their molecular features and biological activities in skin-related cellular models. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and cryo-electron microscopy showed that RSC-EXO exhibited a nanoscale size distribution and spherical morphology. Western blotting confirmed enrichment of the plant EV-associated markers PEN1 and TET8. RSC-EXO were efficiently internalized by human dermal fibroblasts and showed markedly improved biocomp