Brain charts for neuroanatomical sex differences across the human lifespan

Population-level sex biases in human neuroanatomy have been highly debated, with prior literature often limited by narrow age windows and simplistic assumptions about how brain regions scale with sex differences in average total brain size. Recent work leveraging massive, global datasets to flexibly chart normative brain structures across the lifespan provides a framework to overcome these hurdles. Here, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from over 100,000 individuals (51.7% F) from mid-gestation to 99 years, we chart normative population trajectories of 241 structural features capturing age-varying sex effects. We use split-half cross-validation, fitting generalized additive models